基礎(chǔ)四國氣候變化部長級聯(lián)合聲明

中國武漢，2024年7月21日

1.2024年基礎(chǔ)四國氣候變化部長級會議于2024年7月21日在中國湖北省武漢市舉行。會議由中國生態(tài)環(huán)境部部長黃潤秋先生擔(dān)任主席，南非森林、漁業(yè)和環(huán)境部部長迪翁·喬治博士，巴西氣候變化副部長安娜·托尼博士代表巴西環(huán)境和氣候變化部部長瑪麗娜·席爾瓦女士，印度環(huán)境、森林和氣候變化部聯(lián)合秘書尼萊什·庫馬爾·薩先生代表印度環(huán)境、森林和氣候變化部部長布潘德爾·亞達(dá)夫先生出席，中國生態(tài)環(huán)境部副部長趙英民先生主持會議。

2.部長們強(qiáng)調(diào)，氣候變化是我們所處時(shí)代最大挑戰(zhàn)之一。盡管面臨多重危機(jī)，包括地緣政治緊張局勢、全球能源和糧食危機(jī)、通貨膨脹、饑餓和不平等加劇，以及全球供應(yīng)鏈擾動，部長們確認(rèn)致力于多邊主義和國際合作，在消除貧困和可持續(xù)發(fā)展背景下實(shí)現(xiàn)低碳和氣候韌性發(fā)展。

3.部長們強(qiáng)調(diào)全面、充分、有效地實(shí)施《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》（以下簡稱《公約》）及其《京都議定書》和《巴黎協(xié)定》的重要性。他們重申《巴黎協(xié)定》目標(biāo)，即把全球平均氣溫升幅控制在工業(yè)化前水平以上低于2℃之內(nèi)，并努力將氣溫升幅限制在工業(yè)化前水平以上1.5℃之內(nèi)，并重申《巴黎協(xié)定》實(shí)施將依據(jù)公平、共同但有區(qū)別的責(zé)任和各自能力原則，考慮不同國情。

4.在此背景下，部長們歡迎“阿聯(lián)酋共識”，包括《公約》第28次締約方大會（COP28）通過的《巴黎協(xié)定》首次全球盤點(diǎn)的成功成果。這一成果體現(xiàn)了締約方?jīng)Q心保持團(tuán)結(jié)努力實(shí)現(xiàn)協(xié)定宗旨和長期目標(biāo)，并強(qiáng)調(diào)需要緊急行動和支持以使巴黎溫度目標(biāo)可及并在這個(gè)關(guān)鍵十年應(yīng)對氣候危機(jī)。他們表示支持“三駕馬車”伙伴關(guān)系，并堅(jiān)定不移地致力于通過公開、透明、包容、締約方驅(qū)動和協(xié)商一致的進(jìn)程，在COP29和COP30上取得成功成果。

5.部長們承諾全力支持候任主席國阿塞拜疆，并期待與所有其他締約方共同努力，使巴庫大會取得成功。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)，COP29的主要成果是設(shè)定由發(fā)達(dá)國家流向發(fā)展中國家的氣候資金新集體量化目標(biāo)（NCQG），該目標(biāo)將是發(fā)展中國家在2025年通報(bào)有雄心的國家自主貢獻(xiàn)（NDC）和這十年強(qiáng)化氣候?qū)嵤┑年P(guān)鍵推動力。部長們主張新目標(biāo)必須推動解決氣候資金定義的未決問題，必須符合《公約》及其《巴黎協(xié)定》中氣候資金的定義，即發(fā)達(dá)國家有義務(wù)向發(fā)展中國家提供新的、額外的氣候資金支持，同時(shí)提供詳細(xì)的透明度安排，以促進(jìn)責(zé)任感、信任，并便于跟蹤實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)數(shù)額的集體進(jìn)展。部長們對發(fā)達(dá)國家試圖通過建議擴(kuò)大出資者范圍淡化自身在國際法下的氣候資金法律義務(wù)表示嚴(yán)重關(guān)切，這將使談判努力偏離氣候行動和力度核心問題?；诎l(fā)達(dá)國家落實(shí)公共資金贈款支持，部長們期待NCQG金額應(yīng)當(dāng)從每年以十億美元為單位的量級增至數(shù)萬億級美元。

6.部長們期待成功的COP29建立在COP28基礎(chǔ)上，并為COP30達(dá)成雄心成果鋪平道路。他們歡迎并贊賞巴西在2025年舉辦COP30并擔(dān)任主席發(fā)揮的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力。

7.為突破氣候行動慣性，部長們重申通過在COP28到COP30及此后進(jìn)一步落實(shí)基礎(chǔ)四國合作新愿景，以強(qiáng)化基礎(chǔ)四國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的共識，包括：第一，加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)四國就國際氣候變化議程協(xié)調(diào)，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注《公約》下多邊氣候體制；第二，調(diào)動各國科學(xué)和學(xué)術(shù)對話；第三，擴(kuò)大在可持續(xù)發(fā)展實(shí)施和項(xiàng)目方面的聯(lián)合行動與合作，尤其是通過擴(kuò)大新開發(fā)銀行（NDB）作用支持全球南方可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

8.部長們歡迎巴西在2025年擔(dān)任“金磚+”主席國。作為“金磚+”成員，他們強(qiáng)調(diào)新開發(fā)銀行在擴(kuò)大和加快發(fā)展中國家氣候行動方面的重要貢獻(xiàn)。他們贊揚(yáng)新開發(fā)銀行在巴西南里奧格蘭德州最近發(fā)生前所未有的特大洪災(zāi)后，向該州提供了超過十億美元的堅(jiān)定支持。他們認(rèn)同這表明新開發(fā)銀行在加速多邊開發(fā)銀行（MDBs）改革中的獨(dú)特地位，為發(fā)展中國家提供更大、更好和更強(qiáng)勁支持。部長們強(qiáng)調(diào)，新開發(fā)銀行可以在國際金融架構(gòu)根本性改革中發(fā)揮重要作用，這一根本性改革將賦能可持續(xù)發(fā)展和各國不同公正轉(zhuǎn)型路徑，并適配于落實(shí)雄心勃勃且公平的氣候行動。

9.部長們重申將以國家自主決定的方式，按照《巴黎協(xié)定》原則和條款，提交其下一輪NDC的承諾。他們鼓勵(lì)各國積極響應(yīng)“阿聯(lián)酋共識”成果。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)NDC應(yīng)成為實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)的工具，并促進(jìn)減輕國內(nèi)和國家間不平等。部長們強(qiáng)調(diào)，政府間氣候變化專門委員會（IPCC）第六次評估報(bào)告提出，歷史排放量和世界碳空間利用并不公平，較其在全球人口中占比份額，發(fā)達(dá)國家歷史排放量更多。他們認(rèn)同公平的減排行動必須以歷史責(zé)任、氣候正義、公正轉(zhuǎn)型，以及保護(hù)、維護(hù)和恢復(fù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)需求為指導(dǎo)。

10.部長們對發(fā)達(dá)國家締約方2020年前減緩力度和落實(shí)差距表示嚴(yán)重關(guān)切。他們憶及IPCC指出到2020年發(fā)達(dá)國家應(yīng)當(dāng)在1990年基礎(chǔ)上減排25%—40%，但并未實(shí)現(xiàn)。部長們對發(fā)達(dá)國家2030年和2050年減緩力度不足，及其氣候政策與行動倒退和自相矛盾表示嚴(yán)重關(guān)切。部長們敦促發(fā)達(dá)國家迅速彌補(bǔ)2020年前減排差距，重審并強(qiáng)化2030年NDC目標(biāo)，并且顯著早于2050年，最好到2030年實(shí)現(xiàn)溫室氣體凈零排放，隨后立即實(shí)現(xiàn)溫室氣體凈負(fù)排放。

11.部長們敦促發(fā)達(dá)國家恪守關(guān)于減排和氣候資金的法定承諾。他們注意到發(fā)達(dá)國家氣候資金核算存在不一致，這嚴(yán)重?fù)p害信任和法律確定性。部長們對迄今發(fā)達(dá)國家提供的支持不充分、不足額表示關(guān)切，并敦促發(fā)達(dá)國家按照多邊協(xié)商一致的氣候資金定義補(bǔ)齊1000億美元?dú)夂蛸Y金承諾缺口。

12.考慮到氣候危機(jī)緊迫性，部長們呼吁發(fā)達(dá)國家承認(rèn)其未能兌現(xiàn)承諾，并敦促他們加強(qiáng)努力落實(shí)其及時(shí)充分為發(fā)展中國家提供和動員新的額外氣候資金的承諾，并且率先減排。部長們注意到，發(fā)達(dá)國家造成的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力空缺凸顯了強(qiáng)化多邊主義、落實(shí)《公約》及其《巴黎協(xié)定》下義務(wù)的緊迫性。在政治不確定性和分裂持續(xù)加劇背景下，部長們承諾擔(dān)當(dāng)全球南方應(yīng)對氣候危機(jī)、追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)的穩(wěn)定力量。

13.部長們呼吁全球團(tuán)結(jié)，確保沒有任何一個(gè)國家、地方或者個(gè)體掉隊(duì)。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)四國愿意并準(zhǔn)備真誠貢獻(xiàn)最大努力，與所有國家合作應(yīng)對氣候變化。他們進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)四國堅(jiān)定與全球南方團(tuán)結(jié)在一起。他們重申基礎(chǔ)四國作為發(fā)展中國家對“77國集團(tuán)和中國”團(tuán)結(jié)的承諾，并強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)展中國家間合作至關(guān)重要。他們重申明確支持現(xiàn)任主席國烏干達(dá)，以鞏固“77國集團(tuán)和中國”團(tuán)結(jié)，促進(jìn)發(fā)展中國家共同利益。

14.部長們歡迎“阿聯(lián)酋共識”關(guān)于公正轉(zhuǎn)型路徑內(nèi)容，這為全經(jīng)濟(jì)和全社會公正轉(zhuǎn)型實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展描繪了愿景，不讓任何國家和任何個(gè)體掉隊(duì)。要實(shí)現(xiàn)這種包容性和整體性方式，需要從國際、國內(nèi)兩個(gè)維度確保氣候正義，重點(diǎn)是在可持續(xù)發(fā)展并解決貧困、饑餓、國內(nèi)和國家間不平等框架下，為發(fā)展中國家提供實(shí)施手段。

15.部長們強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)以公正、有序、公平的方式推進(jìn)能源轉(zhuǎn)型，由各國自主決定，并考慮到不同發(fā)展階段、國情、路徑和方法，包括資源稟賦以及發(fā)展中國家的需求和挑戰(zhàn)。他們注意到第一次全球盤點(diǎn)成果中呼吁全球努力到2030年將全球可再生能源容量增長至三倍、全球能效提升年平均速率提高一倍。在此背景下，他們歡迎超過三分之二的風(fēng)能和太陽能項(xiàng)目是在發(fā)展中國家建設(shè)的，基礎(chǔ)四國在實(shí)施并促進(jìn)全球氣候友好技術(shù)成本下降方面展現(xiàn)了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力。他們對一些發(fā)達(dá)國家的保護(hù)主義措施嚴(yán)重阻礙全球綠色轉(zhuǎn)型表達(dá)關(guān)切。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)達(dá)國家采取雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在其出口可再生能源時(shí)稱贊自身經(jīng)濟(jì)競爭力，但同時(shí)批評基礎(chǔ)四國成就。部長們還關(guān)切地注意到，近年來發(fā)達(dá)國家化石燃料生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)出現(xiàn)顯著增長，呼吁發(fā)達(dá)國家明確展現(xiàn)其能源系統(tǒng)正在率先轉(zhuǎn)型脫離化石燃料。

16.部長們強(qiáng)調(diào)，發(fā)展中國家受氣候變化不利影響最為嚴(yán)重，適應(yīng)是當(dāng)務(wù)之急，但被忽視且與減緩資源分配不均衡。他們敦促到2024年發(fā)達(dá)國家集體向發(fā)展中國家締約方提供的氣候適應(yīng)資金比2019年水平增加數(shù)倍，并制定透明度路線圖，以減緩與適應(yīng)50：50比例分配NCQG，并從2026年1月開始實(shí)施。部長們歡迎“全球氣候韌性框架”，包括就11個(gè)目標(biāo)達(dá)成一致，為實(shí)現(xiàn)全球適應(yīng)目標(biāo)（GGA）提供更細(xì)顆粒度目標(biāo)。為實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)而實(shí)施的所有行動，都應(yīng)基于發(fā)達(dá)國家根據(jù)《公約》及其《巴黎協(xié)定》原則和條款向發(fā)展中國家提供的支持，特別是共同但有區(qū)別的責(zé)任和各自能力原則，并以公共資金為核心，包括監(jiān)測和評估發(fā)達(dá)國家根據(jù)發(fā)展中國家適應(yīng)優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)向其提供實(shí)施手段支持的充分性和有效性。

17.部長們譴責(zé)一切形式的單邊主義和保護(hù)主義；重申為應(yīng)對氣候變化采取的措施，包括單邊措施，不應(yīng)成為對國際貿(mào)易任意或無理的歧視手段或者隱蔽限制；敦促國際社會團(tuán)結(jié)合作應(yīng)對氣候變化；并重申加強(qiáng)和深化基礎(chǔ)四國在氣候行動與合作方面領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力及共同努力。部長們反對一些發(fā)達(dá)國家以氣候行動為借口推行歧視性、不公正的“碳邊境調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制”，并決心共同努力確保發(fā)展中國家不受這些破壞多邊主義、威脅可持續(xù)發(fā)展單邊措施的不利影響。部長們呼吁發(fā)達(dá)國家終止扭曲貿(mào)易的補(bǔ)貼，包括針對農(nóng)業(yè)、森林和能源行業(yè)補(bǔ)貼，這些補(bǔ)貼對發(fā)展中國家可持續(xù)發(fā)展造成不利影響。

18.部長們指出，發(fā)展中國家提供了絕大多數(shù)關(guān)鍵礦產(chǎn)和稀土，這些資源對于現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)各方面都至關(guān)重要，包括向可再生能源轉(zhuǎn)型，并強(qiáng)調(diào)通過源頭選礦和創(chuàng)造當(dāng)?shù)貎r(jià)值鏈，使這些自然資源造福當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣竦闹匾?。部長們承諾共同努力確保可持續(xù)、負(fù)責(zé)任和公正的關(guān)鍵礦產(chǎn)價(jià)值鏈。

19.部長們強(qiáng)調(diào)，在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)下行和復(fù)蘇之際，基礎(chǔ)四國盡管面臨巨大發(fā)展挑戰(zhàn)和脫貧壓力，仍將繼續(xù)以身作則發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力，并在務(wù)必實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的大背景下，正在展示氣候行動的最高雄心:

巴西將氣候變化重新定位為最優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)，同時(shí)努力消除饑餓、貧困和不平等。巴西堅(jiān)定致力于加強(qiáng)多邊主義和全球氣候治理。2024年從基礎(chǔ)四國伙伴印度的手中接棒擔(dān)任二十國集團(tuán)（G20）主席國，以“建設(shè)一個(gè)公正的世界和可持續(xù)星球”為主題，建立了G20年度工作框架，將氣候變化解決方案納入前期鋪墊活動和金融軌道。明年巴西將把G20主席轉(zhuǎn)交給基礎(chǔ)四國的另一個(gè)伙伴南非。除了環(huán)境和氣候可持續(xù)工作組外，巴西還提議成立“全球動員應(yīng)對氣候變化工作組”，以重新調(diào)整氣候行動和資金，尋求結(jié)構(gòu)性解決方案。該工作組首次將外交部、財(cái)政部、氣候部以及中央銀行聚集在一起。作為COP30候任主席，巴西一直在與COP28和COP29主席合作推進(jìn)“1.5使命路線圖”。2023年11月，巴西調(diào)整了其2030年NDC，將其減排目標(biāo)提高到比2005年減排53%。自盧拉總統(tǒng)上任以來，巴西一直致力于“零森林砍伐”，同時(shí)重新啟動了亞馬遜基金及《預(yù)防和控制法定亞馬遜和塞拉多地區(qū)森林砍伐行動計(jì)劃》。2023年1月至12月，巴西實(shí)現(xiàn)了亞馬遜森林砍伐減少50%，2024年1月至5月進(jìn)一步減少了40.5%，僅這一項(xiàng)就避免約2.5億噸碳排放。最近的數(shù)據(jù)還顯示，2024年上半年塞拉多地區(qū)的森林砍伐也減少了15%。巴西正在更新《恢復(fù)原生植被國家計(jì)劃》，以期到2030年恢復(fù)至少1200萬公頃的原生植被。在COP28上，巴西國家開發(fā)銀行發(fā)起了“恢復(fù)之穹頂”倡議，為到2050年恢復(fù)2400萬公頃亞馬遜森林提供資金。2023年8月，巴西政府還宣布了一項(xiàng)全經(jīng)濟(jì)范圍的“生態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)型計(jì)劃”，該計(jì)劃將強(qiáng)化巴西對未來經(jīng)濟(jì)增長、社會包容和環(huán)境保護(hù)的愿景。在巴西氣候基金下，已發(fā)行了20億美元的綠色債券支持氣候行動，而2024年4月啟動的“巴西生態(tài)投資”倡議旨在創(chuàng)造結(jié)構(gòu)性條件，吸引外國私人投資實(shí)施生態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)型。在能源領(lǐng)域，可再生能源目前約占巴西能源供應(yīng)總量的50%和電力供應(yīng)的90%。2022—2023年，巴西發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量增長9.4%，其中天然氣發(fā)電減少7.9%，燃油發(fā)電減少19.3%，火力發(fā)電呈明顯下降趨勢，同時(shí)太陽能發(fā)電增長68.1%，風(fēng)電增長17.4%，這使得發(fā)電產(chǎn)生的溫室氣體排放在一年內(nèi)減少了6%。

中國堅(jiān)定實(shí)施積極應(yīng)對氣候變化國家戰(zhàn)略，致力于構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體，力爭于2030年前達(dá)到峰值，努力爭取2060年前實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和。2012年以來，中國以年均3%的能源消費(fèi)增速，支撐了超過6%的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。單位國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值二氧化碳排放下降超35%，相當(dāng)于少排放14億噸二氧化碳。截至2023年底，中國可再生能源裝機(jī)已歷史性超過煤電，國內(nèi)可再生能源裝機(jī)規(guī)模占全球約40%，占全球新增裝機(jī)50%以上。中國的水電、風(fēng)電、太陽能發(fā)電、生物質(zhì)發(fā)電和在建核電裝機(jī)均居世界第一。中國制造帶動全球風(fēng)電和光伏發(fā)電平均成本在過去十年間分別累計(jì)下降超過60%和80%。中國的新能源汽車保有量占全球一半以上。2023年中國的煤炭消費(fèi)比重較2012年下降了13.2個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，并于近期啟動煤電低碳化改造。此外，中方還建立了全球覆蓋溫室氣體排放量最大的碳市場，制定了《甲烷排放控制行動方案》《國家適應(yīng)氣候變化戰(zhàn)略2035》，其森林覆蓋率和蓄積量連續(xù)30年保持雙增長，成為全球森林資源增長最多最快的國家。同時(shí)，中國盡己所能開展應(yīng)對氣候變化南南合作，包括為120多個(gè)發(fā)展中國家培訓(xùn)2400余名氣候變化官員和技術(shù)人員。

印度堅(jiān)信多邊主義，并積極幫助其他脆弱國家。印度啟動了“韌性島國基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施”計(jì)劃，旨在促進(jìn)小島嶼發(fā)展中國家基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施資產(chǎn)的災(zāi)害和氣候復(fù)原力。印度還在2019年發(fā)起了“抗災(zāi)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施聯(lián)盟”，以強(qiáng)化新建和現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)對氣候和災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的抵御能力。印度于2015年發(fā)起了“國際太陽能聯(lián)盟”，成為通過全球伙伴關(guān)系實(shí)施建設(shè)性全球氣候行動的典范。“綠色電網(wǎng)倡議——同一太陽，同一世界，同一電網(wǎng)”也是印度于2021年發(fā)起的，是全球第一個(gè)互聯(lián)太陽能電網(wǎng)的國際網(wǎng)絡(luò)?！叭蚓G色信貸倡議”由印度于2023年12月發(fā)起，旨在通過綠色信貸等各種倡議促進(jìn)全球合作與協(xié)作，實(shí)施和監(jiān)測促進(jìn)環(huán)境向好的行動。印度還與瑞典合作發(fā)起了“行業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組”倡議，為難以實(shí)現(xiàn)溫室氣體減排的行業(yè)尋找創(chuàng)新解決方案，以促進(jìn)自愿的低碳轉(zhuǎn)型行動。2024—2026年“行業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組”第二階段于2023年12月啟動。印度還發(fā)起了全球“環(huán)境友好生活方式”運(yùn)動，以促進(jìn)注重環(huán)境意識的生活方式，重點(diǎn)是提高資源利用意識。2024年3月在肯尼亞內(nèi)羅畢舉行的第六屆聯(lián)合國環(huán)境大會通過了印度提出的關(guān)于“促進(jìn)可持續(xù)生活方式”的決議。印度在2024年6月5日世界環(huán)境日之際發(fā)起了“以母親的名義種一棵樹”運(yùn)動。印度總理納倫德拉·莫迪呼吁全國人民以及全世界人民種植一棵樹，向他們的母親致敬。

南非已制定了具有廣泛影響的政策，以確保落實(shí)NDC目標(biāo)。確保以公平和基于科學(xué)的方式應(yīng)對氣候危機(jī)對于實(shí)現(xiàn)公正轉(zhuǎn)型至關(guān)重要，為此，南非正在資助一系列廣泛的研究、開發(fā)和創(chuàng)新計(jì)劃和措施，包括：全球變化研究計(jì)劃及其相關(guān)項(xiàng)目和措施；海洋和南極戰(zhàn)略；南非風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和脆弱性地圖集；水資源和廢棄物的研究、開發(fā)和創(chuàng)新路線圖；生物經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略；土著知識系統(tǒng)；太空子計(jì)劃下的地球觀測工作；氣候變化導(dǎo)致的多重災(zāi)害預(yù)警系統(tǒng)；氫和燃料電池技術(shù)開發(fā)（氫能社會路線圖）；基于風(fēng)能和太陽能地圖集詳細(xì)繪制的可再生能源資源圖；先進(jìn)電池（儲能）倡議；多個(gè)關(guān)于實(shí)現(xiàn)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的計(jì)劃；以及水資源方面的重點(diǎn)研究。南非還制定了44個(gè)地區(qū)的氣候變化適應(yīng)戰(zhàn)略，以推進(jìn)地方層面的適應(yīng)計(jì)劃，并對旅游業(yè)、生物多樣性、海洋和海岸、采礦業(yè)、居住區(qū)等關(guān)鍵部門進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和脆弱性評估。此外，南非議會通過了《氣候變化法》，其中包括為大型排放公司分配碳預(yù)算。南非在2019年通過并持續(xù)實(shí)施《碳稅法》，財(cái)政部正在考慮在下一個(gè)五年期提高稅率。在“綜合資源計(jì)劃”的指導(dǎo)下，南非通過五期招標(biāo)新增了6.2吉瓦的可再生能源裝機(jī)，重點(diǎn)實(shí)施以電動汽車、電力和綠氫為要素的“公正能源轉(zhuǎn)型伙伴關(guān)系”。

20.部長們歡迎印度提議由其在印度主辦2028年《公約》第33次締約方大會和2025年基礎(chǔ)四國部長級會議。

BASICMinisterialJointStatementonClimateChange

WuhanChina,July212024

　1.The2024BASICMinisterialMeetingonClimateChangewasheldinWuhan,HubeiProvince,ChinaonJuly212024.ThemeetingwaschairedbyH.E.Mr.HuangRunqiu,MinisterofEcologyandEnvironmentofChina,attendedbyH.E.Dr.DionGeorge,MinisterofForestry,FisheriesandtheEnvironmentofSouthAfrica;H.E.Dr.AnaToni,Vice-MinisterforClimateChange,onbehalfofH.EMs.MarinaSilva,MinisterofEnvironmentandClimateChangeofBrazil;andMr.NeeleshKumarSah,JointSecretary,MinistryofEnvironment,ForestandClimateChangeonbehalfofH.E.Mr.BhupenderYadav,MinisterforEnvironment,ForestandClimateChangeofIndia,andmoderatedbyH.E.Mr.ZhaoYingmin,ViceMinisterofEcologyandEnvironmentofChina.

　　2.Ministersemphasizethatclimatechangeisoneofthegreatestchallengesofourtime.Despitethemultiplecrisesincludinggeopoliticaltensions,globalenergyandfoodcrises,inflation,growinghungerandinequalities,anddisruptionstoglobalsupply-chains,Ministersconfirmedtheircommitmentstomultilateralismandinternationalcooperationtowardslow-carbonandclimate-resilientdevelopment,inthecontextoferadicationofpovertyandsustainabledevelopment.

　　3.Ministersunderlinetheimportanceofafull,adequate,andeffectiveimplementationoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)anditsKyotoProtocolandParisAgreement.TheyreaffirmtheParisAgreementtemperaturegoalofholdingtheincreaseintheglobalaveragetemperaturetowellbelow2°Cabovepre-industriallevelsandpursuingeffortstolimitthetemperatureincreaseto1.5°Cabovepre-industriallevels,andreiterateitwillbeimplementedinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofequity,commonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilitiesandrespectivecapabilities(CBDR-RC),inthelightofdifferentnationalcircumstances.

　　4.Inthiscontext,MinisterswelcometheUAEConsensus,includingthesuccessfuloutcomeofthefirstGlobalStocktakeoftheParisAgreement,adoptedatCOP28,whichreaffirmedParties’resolvetoremainunitedinthepursuitofeffortstoachievethepurposeandlong-termgoalsoftheAgreement,whileemphasizingtheneedforurgentactionandsupporttokeeptheParistemperaturegoalwithinreachandtoaddresstheclimatecrisisinthiscriticaldecade.TheyexpressedtheirsupporttotheTroikaPartnershipandtheirunwaveringcommitmenttowardsthesuccessfuloutcomesatCOP29andCOP30throughanopen,transparent,inclusive,Party-driven,andconsensus-basedprocess.

　　5.MinisterspledgetheirfullsupporttotheincomingAzerbaijaniPresidencyandlookforwardtoworkingwithallotherPartiestowardsasuccessfulconferenceinBaku.TheyhighlightedthatthemainoutcomeofCOP29willbetosettheNewCollectiveQuantifiedGoal(NCQG)onclimatefinancefromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,asthekeyenablerfordevelopingcountriestocommunicateambitiousnationallydeterminedcontributions(NDCs)in2025andforenhancedclimateimplementationinthiscriticaldecade.Ministersdefendthatthenewgoalmustadvanceonfulfillingoutstandinggapsonthedefinitionofclimatefinance,consistentwiththedefinitionofclimatefinanceintheConventionanditsParisAgreement,whichobligesdevelopedcountriestoprovidenewandadditionalclimatefinancesupporttodevelopingcountries,whilstprovidingdetailedtransparencyarrangements,inordertofacilitateaccountability,trustandthetrackingofcollectiveprogressindeliveringthequantum.Ministersexpressdeepconcernsaroundattemptsbydevelopedcountriestodilutetheirclimatefinancelegalobligationsunderinternationallawthroughsuggestionsofbroadeningthecontributorbase,whichcoulddeviatenegotiationeffortsfromcoreissuesforclimateactionandambition.Basedondeliveryofgrant-basedpublic-fundedsupportbydevelopedcountries,MinistersindicatedtheirexpectationthatthequantumoftheNCQGshouldshiftfrombillionstotrillionsofUSDperyear.

　　6.MinistersdemonstratetheirexpectationsthatasuccessfulCOP29willbuildonCOP28topavethewayforambitiousoutcomesbyCOP30.TheywelcomeandcommendBrazil’sleadershiptohostandpresideCOP30in2025.

　　7.Tobreakinertiainclimateaction,MinistersreiteratedtheiragreementtostrengthenBASICleadership,byfurtherimplementingtheirnewvisiononcooperationamongBASICfromCOP28toCOP30andbeyondthatencompasses:firstly,enhancingBASICcoordinationontheinternationalclimatechangeagenda,withafocusonthemultilateralclimateregimeunderUNFCCC;secondly,leveragingtheircountriesscientificandacademicdialogue;and,thirdly,expandingjointactionandcooperationonsustainabledevelopmentimplementationandprojects,inparticularthroughtheexpansionoftheroleoftheNewDevelopmentBank(NDB)insupportingsustainabledevelopmentintheGlobalSouth.

　　8.MinisterswelcometheBrazilianpresidencyofBRICS+in2025.AsfellowmembersofBRICS+,theyhighlightthekeycontributionoftheNDBinscaling-upandacceleratingclimateactionindevelopingcountries.TheypraisedtheNDBforitssteadfastsupportofoverabillionUSDtotheBrazilianstateofRioGrandedoSulfollowingtherecentextremefloodingofunprecedentedproportions.TheyrecognizethisdemonstratestheNDB’suniquepositioninspeeding-upthereformofmultilateraldevelopmentbankstowardsprovidingbigger,betterandboldersupporttodevelopingcountries.MinistersemphasizetheimportantrolethattheNDBcanplaytowardsthefundamentalreformoftheinternationalfinancialarchitecturetoenablesustainabledevelopmentandthedifferentjusttransitionspathwaysofcountriesandbefit-for-purposetoimplementambitiousandequitableclimateactions.

　　9.MinistersreaffirmtheircommitmenttosubmittingtheirnextgenerationofNDCsundertheParisAgreement,inanationally-determinedmannerandinaccordancewiththeprinciplesandprovisionsoftheParisAgreement.TheyencouragecountriestorespondpositivelytotheoutcomesoftheUAEConsensus.TheystressNDCsshouldserveasinstrumentstowardstheachievementofthesustainabledevelopmentgoals,whilecontributingtoreducinginequalitieswithinandamongcountries.Ministersunderlinethatthehistoricalemissionsandtheuseoftheworld’scarbonspaceisnotequitablydistributedasassessedbytheIPCC’sAR6,withdevelopedcountriesemittinghistoricallymoreemissionsrelativetotheirshareoftheglobalpopulation.Theyrecognizethatequitablemitigationactionmustbeguidedbyhistoricalresponsibilities,climatejustice,justtransitions,andtheneedtoconserve,preserveandrestoreecosystem.

　　10.Ministersexpressseriousconcernoverpre-2020gapsinbothmitigationambitionandimplementationbydevelopedcountryParties.TheyrecalltheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangehadindicatedthatdevelopedcountriesshouldhavereducedemissionsby25–40percentbelow1990levelsby2020,whichwasnotachieved.Theynotewithgraveconcerndevelopedcountries’inadequate2030and2050mitigationambitions,aswellasthebacktrackingandincoherenceintheirclimatepoliciesandaction.Ministersurgedevelopedcountriestourgentlyclosepre2020mitigationgaps,torevisitandstrengthenthe2030targetsintheirNDCs,andtoachievenet-zeroGHGemissionssignificantlyaheadof2050,preferablyby2030,andnet-negativeGHGemissionsimmediatelythereafter.

　　11.Ministersurgedevelopedcountriestoabidebytheirlegalcommitmentsonbothmitigationandfinance.Theynotetheinconsistencyofclimatefinanceaccountingbydevelopedcountries,whichseriouslyjeopardizestrustandlegalcertainty.TheyexpressconcernovertheinadequateandinsufficientsupportprovidedbydevelopedcountriessofarandurgethemtoclosethegapintheirclimatefinancecommitmentsofUSD100billioninaccordancewithmultilaterally-agreedclimatefinancedefinitions.

　　12.Inviewoftheurgencyoftheclimatecrisis,Ministerscallondevelopedcountriestorecognizethefailuretofulfilltheircommitments,andurgethemtostepuptheireffortsandfulfilltheircommitmentsonclimatefinancetoprovideandmobilizenewandadditionalclimatefinancetodevelopingcountriesinatimelyandadequatemanner,andtaketheleadinmitigation.Theynotetheleadershipvoidleftbydevelopedcountriesreinforcestheurgencyofstrengtheningmultilateralism,anddeliveringobligationsundertheUNFCCCanditsParisAgreement.Inthecontextofincreasedpoliticaluncertaintyanddivides,MinisterspledgetoserveasastabilizingforcefortheGlobalSouthinnavigatingtheclimatecrisisinpursuitofsustainabledevelopmentimperatives.

　　13.Ministerscallforglobalsolidarityinensuringthatnocountry,placenorindividualisleftbehind.TheyreiteratethatBASICiswillingandreadytogenuinelycontributeitsbesteffortandcooperatewithallcountriesinaddressingclimatechange.TheyfurtherreiterateBASICstrongdeterminationtoshowsolidaritytowardstheGlobalSouth.TheyreaffirmthecommitmentofBASIC,asdevelopingcountries,totheunityofGroupof77andChina,andhighlightedtheimportanceofcooperationamongdevelopingcountries.TheyreaffirmtheirunequivocalsupportforthecurrentUgandanPresidency,withaviewtoconsolidatingtheunityoftheGroupof77andChinaandadvancingthecommoninterestsofdevelopingcountries.

　　14.MinisterswelcometheUAEConsensusonJustTransitionPathways,whichprovidesavisionforall-of-economyandall-of-societyjusttransitionstoachievesustainabledevelopment,leavingnocountrynorindividualbehind.Boththeinternationalandnationaldimensionsofclimatejusticeneedtobeaddressedtoachievethisinclusiveandholisticapproach,withanemphasisonenablingmeansofimplementationfordevelopingcountries,inthecontextofsustainabledevelopmentandofeffortstotacklepoverty,hungerandinequalitieswithinandamongcountries.

　　15.Ministersemphasizedenergytransitionsshouldbecarriedoutinajust,orderlyandequitablemanner,beingnationallydetermined,andtakingintoaccountthedifferentstagesofdevelopment,nationalcircumstances,pathwaysandapproaches,includingresourceendowments,aswellastheneedsandchallengesofdevelopingcountries.Theynotethecallforglobaleffortstotriplerenewableenergycapacitygloballyanddoubletheglobalaverageannualrateofenergyefficiencyimprovementsby2030,aspartoftheoutcomeofthefirstGST.Inthiscontext,theywelcomethatmorethantwo-thirdsofallwindandsolarprojectsarebeingundertakenindevelopingcountries,withBASICcountriesdemonstratingleadershipinimplementationdrivingdowncostsofclimate-friendlytechnologiesglobally.Theyexpressconcernthatprotectionistmeasuresbysomedevelopedcountriesseriouslythreatentheglobalgreentransition.Theyhighlightthedouble-standardofdevelopedcountriesbycallingtheirowneconomiescompetitivewhenexportingrenewableenergyandatthesametimecriticizingthesuccessofBASICcountries.Ministersalsonotewithconcernthattherehasbeenasignificantincreaseintheproductionandconsumptionoffossilfuelsbydevelopedcountriesinrecentyears,andcallthemtoclearlyshowtheyaretakingtheleadintransitioningawayfromfossilfuelsinenergysystems.

　　16.Ministersunderscorethatdevelopingcountriesarethemostadverselyaffectedbyclimatechangeandthatadaptationisakeyimperativethoughneglectedwithimbalancedallocationofresourcescomparedtomitigation.TheyurgedevelopedcountriestoincreasemultifoldtheircollectiveprovisionofclimatefinanceforadaptationtodevelopingcountryPartiesfrom2019levelsby2024,withatransparentroadmaptoa50:50allocationoftheNCQGonmitigationandadaptation,tobeimplementedfromJanuary2026.MinisterswelcometheFrameworkforGlobalClimateResilience,includingagreementon11targetsthatprovidemoregranulartargetstoachievetheglobalgoalonadaptation(GGA).TheimplementationofallactionstowardsthesetargetsshouldbebasedonsupportprovidedbydevelopedcountriestodevelopingcountriesinlinewithprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConventionanditsParisAgreement,inparticularCBDR-RC,withpublicfundatitscore,includingtomonitorandevaluatetheadequacyandeffectivenessofmeansofimplementationsupportprovidedbydevelopedcountriestodevelopingcountriesbasedontheirprioritiesofadaptation.

　　17.Ministerscondemnallformsofunilateralismandprotectionism;reiteratethatmeasurestakentoaddressclimatechange,includingunilateralmeasures,shouldnotconstituteameansofarbitraryorunjustifiablediscriminationoradisguisedrestrictiononinternationaltrade;urgetheinternationalcommunitytocooperateinaunitedfronttocombatclimatechange;andreiteratetheirpledgetostrengthenanddeepenBASICleadershipandjointworkinclimateactionandcooperation.MinistersrejectedasdiscriminatoryandunjusttheCarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanismsplannedbysomedevelopedcountriesunderthepretextofclimateactionandresolvetoworktogethertoensurethatdevelopingcountriesarenotadverselyimpactedbytheseunilateralmeasuresthatunderminemultilateralismandthreatensustainabledevelopment.Theycalldevelopedcountriestoendtradedistortingsubsidies,includingfortheagricultural,forestandenergysectors,whichadverselyimpactonthesustainabledevelopmentofdevelopingcountries.

　　18.Ministersnotethatdevelopingcountriesprovidemostofthecriticalmineralsandrareearthsthatareessentialforallaspectsofthemoderneconomy,includingthetransitiontorenewableenergy,andunderscoretheimportanceofthesenaturalresourcesbenefitingourpeoplethroughbeneficiationatsourceandcreationoflocalvaluechains.Theycommittoworkingtogethertoensuresustainable,responsibleandjustvaluechainsofcriticalminerals.

　　19.Ministershighlightthatdespitetheenormousdevelopmentalchallengesandpressuresofpovertyeradicationatatimeofglobaleconomicdownturnandeconomicrecovery,theBASICcountriescontinuetoleadbyexampleandaredemonstratingtheirhighestambitiononclimateaction,inthecontextoftheiroverarchingsustainabledevelopmentimperatives:

　　Brazilhasrepositionedclimatechangeasatopmostpriority,alongsideeffortstocombathunger,povertyandinequality.Deeplycommittedtostrengtheningmultilateralismandglobalclimategovernance,BrazilhasreceivedthepresidencyofG20fromIndia,aBASICpeer,byframingthegroup’sworkin2024underthetheme“buildingajustworldandasustainableplanet,”whichincorporatesclimatechangesolutionsacrossboththesherpaandfinancetracks.BrazilwillpassontheG20toSouthAfrica,alsoaBASICpartner.InadditiontotheEnvironmentandClimateSustainabilityWorkingGroup,BrazilhasproposedtheTask-ForceonGlobalMobilizationAgainstClimateChange(TF-CLIMA)forresettingactionandfinancetowardsstructuralsolutions.TF-CLIMAbringstogetherforthefirsttimeForeign,FinanceandClimateMinistriesandcentralbanks.AsincomingpresidentofCOP30,BrazilhasbeenworkingwiththeCOP28andCOP29presidenciestoadvancetheRoadMaptoMission1.5.InNovember2023,Braziladjustedits2030NDCtoenhanceitsemissionsreductionambitionto53%comparedto2005.TosupporttheimplementationofBrazil’sNDCsandNationalAdaptationPlan(NAP),theInter-ministerialCommitteeonClimateChange(CIM),relaunchedin2023,isworkingaroundtheNationalClimatePlan,toconsolidatethenationalstrategytogetherwith7sectoralplansonclimatemitigationand16plansonadaptation.SincePresidentLulatookoffice,Brazilhascommittedto"zerodeforestation,"whilstalsorelaunchingtheAmazonFund,theActionPlanforthePreventionandControlofDeforestationintheLegalAmazon(PPCDAm)andintheCerrado(PPCerrado).FromJanuarytoDecember2023,Brazilachieveda50%reductionofdeforestationintheAmazon,andafurtherreductionof40.5%fromJanuarytoMay2024,whichalonehavepreventedaround250milliontonsofcarbonfrombeingemitted.Recentdataalsoshow15%reductionindeforestationintheCerradointhefirstsemesterof2024.BrazilisupdatingitsNationalPlanfortheRecoveryofNativeVegetation(PLANAVEG)fortherecoveryofatleast12millionhectaresofnativevegetationby2030.AtCOP28,Brazil’sNationalDevelopmentBank(BNDES)launchedthe“ArcofRestoration”initiativeforfinancingtherecoveryof24millionhectaresofAmazonianforestby2050.InAugust2023,theBraziliangovernmentalsoannouncedaneconomy-wide"EcologicalTransformationPlan,"whichconsolidatesthecountry’svisionforafutureofeconomicgrowthwithsocialinclusionandenvironmentalpreservation.UnderBrazil’sClimateFund,2billionUSDhavebeenissuedingreenbondstosupportclimateaction,whilethe“EcoInvestBrasil”initiative,launchedinApril2024,aimsatfosteringstructuralconditionstoattractforeignprivateinvestmentsforecologicaltransformation.Intheenergysector,renewablescurrentlyrepresentsaround50%ofthecountry’stotalenergysupplyand90%ofitselectricitysupply.TheinstalledelectricitygenerationcapacityinBrazilexpandedby9.4%between2022and2023,withnotabletrendsaroundadecreaseinthermalgenerationfromnaturalgas(-7.9%)andoilproducts(-19.3%),whichwasinfluencedbytheincreaseinsolar(+68.1%)andwindgeneration(+17.4%),resultingina6%reductionofGHGemissionsfromelectricitygenerationinoneyear.

　　Chinaisdedicatedtoimplementingthenationalstrategyofactivelyaddressingclimatechangeandcommittedtobuildingacommunitywithasharedfutureforhumankind,aimingtopeakitscarbonemissionsbefore2030andachievecarbonneutralitybefore2060.Since2012,Chinahassupportedaneconomicgrowthofover6%withanaverageannualenergyconsumptiongrowthrateof3%.ThecarbondioxideemissionsperunitofGDPhavedroppedbymorethan35%,equivalenttoareductionof1.4billiontonsofcarbondioxideemissions.Bytheendof2023,China’sinstalledcapacityofrenewableenergyhashistoricallysurpassedthatofcoalpower,withdomesticrenewableenergyinstallationsaccountingforabout40%oftheglobaltotalandmorethan50%oftheglobalnewinstallations.Theinstalledcapacitiesofhydropower,windpower,solarpower,biomasspower,andnuclearpowerunderconstructionallrankfirstintheworld.China’smanufacturinghasledtoacumulativedecreaseofover60%and80%intheaveragecostsofglobalwindandphotovoltaicpowergeneration,respectively,overthepastdecade.China’snewenergyvehicleownershipaccountsformorethanhalfoftheglobaltotal.In2023,theproportionofcoalconsumptioninChinadecreasedby13.2percentagecomparedto2012,andChinahasrecentlyinitiatedthelow-carbontransformationofcoalpower.Additionally,Chinahasestablishedtheworld’slargestcarbonmarketintermsofthevolumeofGHGemissionscovered,andformulatedtheMethaneEmissionControlActionPlanandtheNationalClimateChangeAdaptationStrategy2035.For30consecutiveyears,China’sforestcoverageandstockvolumehavebothseencontinuousgrowth,makingitthecountrywiththefastestandmostsignificantincreaseinforestresourcesworldwide.Atthesametime,ChinaisdoingitsutmosttopromoteSouth-Southcooperationonclimatechange,includingtrainingmorethan2,400climatechangeofficialsandtechnicalprofessionalsfromover120developingcountries.

　　Indiahastakenstrong,ambitiousanddecisiveclimateactions,whilemakingpovertyalleviationandsustainabledevelopmentitspriorities.IndiahasreducedtheemissionsintensityofitsGDPby33%in2019.Thereby,achievingitsoriginalNDCtargetof2015,9yearsaheadoftimeasof30thJune2023,andcontinuestonowfulfilitsupdatedcommitmentofemissionintensityreductionby45%by2030.Indiacontinuestoleadbyexamplewithseveralrobuststepsinrenewableenergy,plannedurbandevelopment,sustainablehabitats,creationofcarbonsinksthroughadditionalforestandtreecover,transitiontosustainabletransport,e-mobility,etc.India’snon-fossilfuelbasedinstalledcapacitystandsatmorethan201.75GWasofMay2024whichis45.36%ofitstotalinstalledcapacity.Indiahascreated1.97billiontonsadditionalsinksby2021.ThesestepshaveledtosteadyfulfillmentofIndia’sNDCgoalsof2030.Indiastands4th,globally,inREInstalledCapacity(includingLargeHydro),4thinWindPowercapacityand4thinSolarPowercapacity.Indiaisalwaysapartofthesolutionandplaysanaffirmativeroletowardsfightingclimatechange.IndiafirmlybelievesinmultilateralismandhasbeenproactiveinhelpingothervulnerableNations.Indialaunchedthe‘InfrastructureforResilientIslandStates(IRIS)’thatpromotesdisasterandclimateresilienceofinfrastructureassetsinSmallIslandDevelopingStates.IndiaalsolaunchedtheCoalitionforDisasterResilientInfrastructure(CDRI)in2019topromoteresilienceofnewandexistinginfrastructuresystemstoclimateanddisasterrisk.IndialaunchedtheInternationalSolarAlliancein2015,asaprimeexampleofconstructiveglobalclimateactionthroughglobalpartnership.TheGreenGridsInitiative-OneSun,OneWorldOneGrid(GGI-OSOWOG)wasalsolaunchedbyIndiain2021,asthefirstinternationalnetworkofglobalinterconnectedsolarpowergrids.GlobalGreenCreditInitiativewaslaunchedbyIndiainDecember,2023topromoteglobalcooperationandcollaborationandimplementationandmonitoringofenvironment-positiveactionsthroughvariousinitiativeslikeGreenCredits.IndiahasalsopartneredwithSwedenontheLeadershipGrouponIndustryTransition(LeadIT)initiativetofindinnovativesolutionsforhard-to-abatesectorswithaviewtopromotingvoluntaryactionforlowcarbontransition.Phase-IIoftheLeadershipGroupforIndustryTransition(LeadIT2.0)for2024-26waslaunchedinDecember,2023.Indiahasalsolaunchedtheglobal“LifestyleforEnvironment”campaigntopromoteenvironmentallyconsciouslifestylefocusingonmindfulanddeliberateutilizationofresources.Resolutionon‘PromotingSustainableLifestyles’,proposedbyIndia,wasadoptedatthesixthUnitedNationsEnvironmentAssembly,heldinNairobi,KenyainMarch2024.Indiahaslaunchedthe’EkPedMaaKeNaam’(Onetreeinthenameofmother)campaignontheoccasionofWorldEnvironmentDayon5thJune2024.PrimeMinisterNarendraModiurgedthepeopleofthecountryaswellastheworldtoplantatreeasatributetotheirmother.

　　SouthAfricahasapprovedwide-reachingpoliciestoensurethatwecanmeetitsNDCtargets.Toensureanequitableandscience-basedresponsetotheclimatecrisis,whichiscentrallyimportanttojusttransition,itisfundingawiderangeofresearch,developmentandinnovation(RDI)programmesandinterventions.TheseincludetheGlobalChangeResearchPlan(GCRP)anditsassociatedprogrammesandinterventions;aMarineandAntarcticStrategy;theSouthAfricanRiskandVulnerabilityAtlas(SARVA);WaterandWasteRDIRoadmaps;theBio-economyStrategy;IndigenousKnowledgeSystems(IKS);EarthObservationworkundertheSpaceSub-Programme;workonaclimate-drivenmulti-hazardearlywarningsystem;thehydrogenandfuelcelltechnologydevelopmentprocess(HydrogenSocietyRoadmap),detailedmappingofrenewableenergyresources,viawindandsolaratlasestheadvancedbatteries(energystorage)initiative,andmultipleprogrammesonmovingtowardsacirculareconomy,andfinallyastrongresearchfocusonwaterresources.Ithasalsodevelopedthe44DistrictsClimateChangeAdaptationStrategiestoadvanceadaptationplanningatthelocallevelaswellastheriskandvulnerabilityassessmentsforkeysectors,Tourism,Biodiversity,OceanandCoasts,Mining,HumanSettlements.Inaddition,parliamenthasadoptedtheClimateChangeBillincludingallocationofcarbonbudgetsforlargeemittingcompanies.Acarbontaxhasbeenimplementedsince2019whentheCarbonTaxActwaspassed.NationalTreasuryisconsideringahighertaxrateforthenextfive-yearperiod.GuidedbyitsIntegratedResourcePlan(IRP),SouthAfricahasinstalled6.2GWofnewrenewableenergythroughfivebidwindows,andwearepreparingtorampupthenextbidwindowsignificantly.ThemainfocusistheimplementationoftheJustEnergyTransitionInvestmentPlanthatfocusonelectricvehicle,electricityandgreenhydrogen

　　20.MinisterswelcomedtheproposalsofIndiatohostUNFCCCCOP33intheyear2028andtheBASICMinisterialMeetingintheyear2025inIndia.